One of the most famous tales about Caligula is that he planned to make his favorite horse, Incitatus, a consul, one of the highest political offices in Rome. While this might sound like pure myth or dark comedy, ancient sources like Suetonius mention this story as a real intention of the emperor.
Modern historians debate whether Caligula truly intended to do it or was using it as a way to mock the Roman Senate. By elevating an animal to a position of power, Caligula may have been ridiculing the senators—implying they were no better than a horse in his view. Whether symbolic or serious, the story reflects his contempt for Rome’s political institutions.
He Was Assassinated by His Own Guards
Caligula’s reign of terror finally ended in January 41 CE, after less than four years on the throne. His constant humiliation of senators, random executions, and erratic behavior had created many enemies. The final straw came when he began insulting and threatening members of the Praetorian Guard, the very soldiers tasked with protecting him.
Led by Cassius Chaerea, a Praetorian officer whom Caligula had personally mocked, a group of conspirators stabbed Caligula to death in a palace corridor. His wife and young daughter were also killed to prevent any claim to the throne. The Roman Senate briefly tried to restore the Republic, but the Praetorians quickly installed Caligula’s uncle Claudius as the next emperor.
Conclusion: Caligula—Madman, Victim, or Propaganda Target?
The legacy of Caligula is complicated. Much of what we know comes from sources written decades after his death, many of which were hostile and possibly exaggerated. Was he truly insane, or just a cruel autocrat? Was he a victim of illness, or simply corrupted by absolute power?
What is certain is that Caligula’s reign left a lasting scar on Roman memory and became a cautionary tale of what happens when unchecked power meets personal instability. Whether he was a monster, a misunderstood figure, or a tragic product of imperial Rome, Caligula remains one of the most infamous rulers in world history. shutdown123